Press release: https://www.imec-int.com/en/press/imec-integrates-thin-film-pinned-photodiode-superior-short-wave-infrared-imaging-sensors
Imec integrates thin-film pinned photodiode into superior short-wave-infrared imaging sensors
LEUVEN (Belgium), 14 August, 2023—Imec, a world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies, presents the successful integration of a pinned photodiode structure in thin-film image sensors. With the addition of a pinned-photogate and a transfer gate, the superior absorption qualities of thin-film imagers -beyond one µm wavelength- can finally be exploited, unlocking the potential of sensing light beyond the visible in a cost-efficient way.
Detecting wavelengths beyond visible light, for instance infrared light, offers clear advantages. Applications include cameras in autonomous vehicles to ‘see’ through smoke or fog and cameras to unlock your smartphone via face recognition. Whilst visible light can be detected via silicon-based imagers, other semiconductors are necessary for longer wavelengths, such as short-wave infrared (SWIR).
Use of III-V materials can overcome this detection limitation. However, manufacturing these absorbers is expensive, limiting their use. In contrast, sensors using thin-film absorbers (such as quantum dots) have recently emerged as a promising alternative. They have superior absorption characteristics and potential for integration with conventional (CMOS) readout circuits. Nonetheless, such infrared sensors have an inferior noise performance, which leads to poorer image quality.
Already in the 1980’s, the pinned photodiode (PPD) structure was introduced for silicon-CMOS image sensors. This structure introduces an additional transistor gate and a special photodetector structure, by which the charges can be completely drained before integration begins (allowing reset operation without kTC noise nor the effect of the previous frame). Consequently, because of lower noise and improved power performance, PPDs dominate the consumer market for silicon-based image sensors. Beyond silicon imaging, incorporating this structure was not possible up until now because of the difficulty of hybridizing two different semiconductor systems.
Now, imec demonstrates successful incorporation of a PPD structure in the readout circuit of thin-film-based image sensors; the first of its kind. A SWIR quantum-dot photodetector was monolithically hybridized with an indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO)-based thin-film transistor into a PPD pixel. This array was subsequently processed on a CMOS readout circuit to form a superior thin-film SWIR image sensor. “The prototype 4T image sensor showed a remarkable low read-out noise of 6.1e-, compared to >100e- for the conventional 3T sensor, demonstrating its superior noise performance” stated Nikolas Papadopoulos, project leader ‘Thin-Film Pinned Photodiode’ at imec. As a result, infrared images can be captured with less noise, distortion or interference, and more accuracy and detail.
Pawel Malinowski, imec Program Manager ‘Pixel Innovations’ adds: “At imec, we are at the forefront of bridging the worlds of infrared and imagers, thanks to our combined expertise in thin-film photodiodes, IGZO, image sensors and thin-film transistors. By achieving this milestone, we surpassed current pixel architectural limitations and demonstrated a way to combine the best performing quantum-dot SWIR pixel with affordable manufacturing. Future steps include optimization of this technology in diverse types of thin-film photodiodes, as well as broadening its application in sensors beyond silicon imaging. We are looking forward to further these innovations in collaborations with industry partners.”
The findings are published in the August 2023 edition of Nature Electronics "Thin-film image sensors with a pinned photodiode structure". Initial results were presented at the 2023 edition of the International Image Sensors Workshop.
J. Lee et al. Thin-film image sensors with a pinned photodiode structure, Nature Electronics 2023.
Link (paywalled): https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-023-01016-9
Abstract
Image sensors made using silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology can be found in numerous electronic devices and typically rely on pinned photodiode structures. Photodiodes based on thin films can have a high absorption coefficient and a wider wavelength range than silicon devices. However, their use in image sensors has been limited by high kTC noise, dark current and image lag. Here we show that thin-film-based image sensors with a pinned photodiode structure can have comparable noise performance to a silicon pinned photodiode pixel. We integrate either a visible-to-near-infrared organic photodiode or a short-wave infrared colloidal quantum dot photodiode with a thin-film transistor and silicon readout circuitry. The thin-film pinned photodiode structures exhibit low kTC noise, suppressed dark current, high full-well capacity and high electron-to-voltage conversion gain, as well as preserving the benefits of the thin-film materials. An image sensor based on the organic absorber has a quantum efficiency of 54% at 940 nm and read noise of 6.1e–.
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